The Investigation of the Controlled and the Automatic Processes Employing the Stroop Effect Experiment.

The investigation of the controlled and the automatic processes employing the Stroop effect experiment. Abstract The interference between the controlled and the automatic processes was observed in the Stroop effect type experiment using two different conditions. The original Stroop effect experiment concluded that the participants will find it more difficult to complete the reading task of the words related to colour meaning in comparison to the reading task of non-colour related words. The result of Stroop experiment supported the notion that control and automatic processes can obstruct each other in certain tasks.In the current experiment, the two conditions in reading task were modified to make them look more visually similar. The result indicated that despite of visual similarities, the automatic processes interfered with control processes due to the colour related properties of the words in Stroop condition. Introduction The large quantity of information we come across in our ev eryday life is staggering. It is very hard to understand how much of this information is taken in and how much of the information just pass by. It is up to cognitive processes to decide how much and to what extent the information is accepted for further processing.This selection process has been identified as attention. All of the above is indicating that our brain is not capable to process all the information available to us therefore attentional processes are required. Various theories were devised to clarify and explain the process of selection, such as a limited – capacity theory of Kahneman or bottleneck theory of attention by Broadbent (as cited in Edgar, 2007) However how much of this process are we aware of? Can we influence how much of the information is taken in or is it our subconscious which is in control?The attentional processes are divided between conscious – control processes and subconscious – automatic processes. Even though both processes oper ate in very different ways, they both can work simultaneously and both have their advantages and disadvantages. The control process is conscious, therefore easy to control, however it is using a large amount of the processing resources. Based on the experiments conducted by Schneider and Shiffrin (as cited in Edgar, 2007), it is assumed that automatic processed are not using up attentional resources as no conscious awareness is employed.The most famous experiment demonstrating the interference between the control and automatic processes was carried out by Stroop (1935). In the original Stroop experiment the participants were presented with a list of words printed in different coloured ink. In the first list, the words were names of colour printed in ink which never matched with the name of the colour – Stroop condition. Second list was containing a colour-neutral words. The participants were asked to read the name of the colour of the ink instead of the word itself. The findi ng was that in the colour-neutral words, the participants completed the task without difficulties.However, in the Stroop condition the participants found it more difficult as they were trying to prevent responding with the name of the colour rather than the colour of the ink. (as cited in Edgar, 2007) The experiment above is demonstrating one of the disadvantages of the automatic processes. Even though the automatic processes are not using up our precious attentional resources, they can interfere with the control processes as we are not able to just turn them off. To test this theory further a present experiment was created using both the Stroop condition model and the control condition.However, the Stroop condition was modified to include the colour-related words rather than the names of the colour. The words used were such as blood or carrot with strong relation to the certain colour. The words were printed in the colour ink not matching with the colour related to the word. Even t hough the control condition contained the non-related colour words, the words were visually very similar to the words in Stroop condition. The research hypothesis was that as in Stroop condition the participants will find it more difficult to read colour-related words. This is one-tailed hypothesis.The null hypothesis was that there wouldn’t be any difference in time taken to complete reading task of each list. Method Section Design The design employed in the experiment is a within-participants design. The independent variable was a reading task of the colour of the words printed on the list provided. The independent variable had two conditions, the Stroop condition and control condition. The Stroop condition contained the colour-related words printed in incompatible colour ink with the word and the control condition contained non-colour related words printed in various colour inks.The word list in the Stroop condition had 5 words repeatedly printed in incompatible ink with t he word. The words in the control list were matched to the word list in Stroop condition to contain the exact same number of letters of each matched word. The word order and well as the colour order was matched exactly in the both lists. The dependent variable was the time measure to complete the reading task of each list. The measurement was complete in seconds by the researcher using a stopwatch and it was recorded to the nearest second. The participants were given the task individually in order to limit any confounding variables.Participants The twenty participants joined in this experiment were current students at the Open University and their friends and family members. The age of the participants ranged from 18 to 69 and there were 12 females and 8 male participants. Materials The two visual stimuli were presented to each participant on A4 sheet paper in colour containing 30 words divided into two columns of 15 words. A stimuli for the Stroop condition contained 5 colours-rela ted words printed in incompatible ink with the word. The six colours used were red, yellow, green, orange, purple and blue.The words used in the Stroop condition were blood, lemon, grass, carrot, plum, sky. A stimuli for the control condition contained exact same number of word and same colours were used. The words matched with the Stroop condition. The words used have the exact same number of letters, they stared with the same first letters and they visually resembled the words in the Stroop condition. The words used in the control condition were blame, ledge, grade, carrer, plan, sty. Each word was repeated 6 times on each sheet. Both lists are included in Appendix 1.The standard instruction (included in Appendix 2) printed on A4 paper were read to the participants. The consent form (included in Appendix 3) was supplied to participants to sign. The data were recorded to the nearest second and logged on the response sheet. A stopwatch was employed to record reading time accurately. Procedure Each participant was approached and asked if they will be willing to take part in a cognitive psychology experiment with a focus on controlled and automatic processing of information. All participants were explained a basic of the experiment and asked to sign a consent form.All participants were tested individually. The age and sex of the participants were recorded prior to the start of the experiment. The full instructions were read to the participants and it was made sure that it was clear before proceeding. (Appendix 2: Instructions) All participants received the same instruction. Both lists were presented as A4 print out in coloured ink. Both lists were presented separately to the participants, only few seconds before asking the participant to read the colour of the words aloud. The first list to read was the Stroop condition list followed by a control condition list.With every other participants the order of the presentation of the list was switched around. Full expe riment took approximately minutes with each participant. The reading of each condition was recorded separately using an accurate stopwatch. The results were recorded on the response sheet. After the experiment the participants were informed about the hypothesis of experiment and explained the differences between the both conditions. Result The research hypothesis in this experiment was that participants will take longer to complete the Stroop condition.The time to read through the full list of each condition individually was recorded to the nearest second. As Table 1 is indicated, the mean response time of Stroop condition is 2. 65 seconds slower than the mean response in the control condition. The paired sample t-test was carried out using these data obtaining following result. The difference between these conditions is statically significant (t(19)=3. 933, p=0. 002, d=0. 44) Based on the information above the null hypothesis was rejected and the experimental hypothesis accepted. T able 1Mean and standard deviation of response time in secondsConditionMean response time (In seconds)Standard deviation Experiment (Stroop) condition23. 606. 533 Control condition 20. 955. 520 Discussion The result of the experiment above proved that despite of using colour-related words, rather than the name of the colour as per original Stroop experiment, the findings were similar. The participants found it more difficult to read the colour-related words printed in colour which didn’t match the visual perception of the certain word. The participants tried to avoid reading the colour of the word associated with particular word therefore this reading task took longer.Even though, the neutral words looked visual similar, and they were recorded in exact same colour order, the participants completed this reading task more quickly due to the lack of the meaning of the words and no relation to the specific colour. Therefore, in the control condition, only automatic processes were activated and there was no interference with the control processes and as a result the participants found this task easier. The control and automatic processes can interfere with each other doing certain tasks. Specifically, the automatic process of reading was interfering with controlled process of naming the colour of the ink.Nevertheless, the current experiment was conducted with only twenty participants. There is a possibility that if the experiment was conducted with much bigger sample the results may not be as conclusive. Especially , as further experiments indicated, the automatic processes can be influenced by individual strategies. To imply this notion to the Stroop experiment, it has been found that just by focusing on the first letter of each word, the automatic processes – the Stroop effect can be reduced. (as cited in Edgar, 2007) This would imply that automatic processes are not completely free and unconscious as previously suggested.In addition, the automatic a nd controlled processes are not completely fixed. For example, reading was controlled process before it was learned and became control process. This observation suggests that the relationship between the controlled and automatic processes is on continuum and can evolve with time. Gopher (1993) proposes that attentional skill can be learned to a certain extent depending on the situation or internal motivation. (as cited in Edgar, 2007) In conclusion, the result of the experiment is supporting the notion that the control processes can interfere with the automatic processes when trying to complete certain tasks.However, further experiments in this specific field would have to be conducted to determine the full extent of automatic responses and their relation to the control processes. References Edgard, G. (2007) Perception and attention, In D. Miell, A. Phoenix, & K. Thomas (Eds. ), Mapping Psychology (2nd ed. , pp. 3-50). Milton Keynes: The Open University Appendices: Appendix 1: Word lists containing experimental and control condition (not included) Appendix 2: Instructions (not included) Appendix 3: Consent Form (not included) Appendix 4: Raw data Appendix 5: SPSS print-out of t-test

Linguistics and Structuralism Essay

Structuralism is a mode of thinking and a method of analysis practiced in 20th-century social sciences and humanities; it focuses on recurring patterns of thought and behaviour ? it seeks to analyse social relationships in terms of highly abstract relational structures. Structuralism is distinctly different from that applied to Radcliffe-Brown? it involves more the bio and psychological aspect of human studies rather than social structures. Claude Levi-Strauss was the one to pioneer structuralism; he suggested that cultural phenomena such as myths, art, kinship systems and language display certain ordered patterns or structures. With these, he believed that the structure of the human mind could be revealed. He reasoned that behind the surface of individual cultures there must exist natural properties common to us all: innate structures universal to all man. Levi-Strauss focused his attention on the patterns or structures existing beneath the customs and beliefs of all cultures. Methodologically, Strauss drew his models from structural linguistics, analysing forms of social activity as though they were languages. In other words, the things a society does, the way people in this society act, is compared to language; behaviour is acted out unconsciously as is grammar in the case of language. Therefore, societies differ just as grammar differs between one culture and another, but what Levi-Strauss sought was the universal/common structure behind it. He believed that while the surface phenomenon may vary, the underlying ordering principles are the same. Levi-Strauss believed that basic thinking occurs as sets of contrasts. All cultures think in to terms of opposites so as to classify-meaning we must be able to distinguish between things. For example, life, death; spirit, body; black, white; red, green (stop and go) ? these words alone do not carry much significance; they have a meaning and that’s it ? basic facts. We take the words as they are by use of external references from what society acknowledges to it to be. A pen is not an eraser because society has accepted it to be a pen. Levi-Strauss argued that culture is to be understood as a surface phenomenon which reveals the universal human tendency to order and classify experiences and dynamics. He compared people’s language to the?  rules’ that govern society, in that the governed are largely unconscious of what they know. He compared speech – the use of sounds and rules, mainly in the form of sentences to the ideas and behaviour that result from the application of largely unconscious social rules. Members of a society are much more likely to be conscious of their actual ideas and behaviours than they are of the deeply structured rules that make these ideas and behaviours possible, but the ideas and behaviours of a given group of people, according to Strauss, can only be understood once the â€Å"deep† structures in their minds can be discovered. He says that human responses are largely dissimilar, and that the surface structure is what will consequently show different cultural behaviour. In T. O. K. , we are currently discussing language, mind and meaning ? we covered the same man, Noam Chomsky, the same man mentioned in the book. He pursued the same line of inquiry in linguistics as Strauss. Chomsky believes that the human brain contains a language system base before birth, but ? goes to seed’ if not stimulated after birth. All babies are programmed to all phonetic systems but are channelled into particular language groups on socialization. In other words, a child who has Danish parents will eventually end up speaking Danish unless brought up elsewhere. Structuralism is often criticized for not being able to prove something through hypothesis testing and validation. Strauss makes unprovable assumptions about humans, and some people find it hard to believe the concept of universal structures. Structuralism also tends to ahistorical, thus not accounting for the way history effects the present.

Assessment on English for Cambodian Textbook Uses

Assessment on English for Cambodian Textbook Uses The fall of the Pol Pot regime in 1979 contributed to a new step toward introducing new foreign languages-Vietnamese, and Russian, in Cambodian education system. However, at the end of cold war in late 1989, French and English were reintroduced once again at lower secondary school education after a long period of prohibition of teaching the two languages toward the end of Lon Nol regime in 1975 (Igawa, 2008). Although French and English have been taught ever since that time, English has become the first foreign language owing to the fact that there has been a switching allocation of language resources from French to English (Clayton, 2006). Since English becomes more and more influential language in Cambodia, high attention has been drawn to make this language more and more communicable among school girls and boys at basic education level from grade 7 to grade 12. Meanwhile, the main the purpose of Lower Secondary School (LSS) is to have students fully participate in the society and become a productive citizen. In this regard, the objective of teaching foreign language at that level is set to serve basic communicative competence for the students (MoYES, 2004). To serve the above objective, in Lower and Upper Secondary school levels from grade 7 to grade 12, MoEYS employs the book series named English for Cambodia to teach students, which was initially piloted in 1996-1997 academic year (MoEYS, 1999). Before the publication of English for Cambodia (EFC) series, many textbook series such as Headway, English for Today, and streamline, to name but a few, were utilized to teach Cambodian Secondary School students. Shortly after several projects had been conducted to develop an appropriate English textbook for Cambodia, EFC textbook series were published with six levels in which one level is confined for the whole academic year of each grade at both Lower and Upper Secondary schools in Cambodia (Vira, 2002). In grade 7, students are to take the first level of the bo ok named â€Å"English for Cambodia: Book 1†. The book is written in English including the explanatory part in the first section. The textbook content is organized on the grammar basis containing a number of chapters which each is subdivided into 4 or 3 units to explain the target grammar, some drills using the grammar, short dialogues with questions to check for comprehension, and reading texts. From the content, each chapter subsequently orientates students towards communicative goal (MoEYS, 1999). English for Cambodia, book one, was developed in forms of teacher’s guide and student book in respect to MoEYS Textbook Master Plan (1996) and cooperated with Cambodian research institutions. This textbook was designed on the basis of MoEYS English Syllabus for grade 7 students and accompanied by the teaching methodology developed by teacher trainers during training course for Lower Secondary English trainees. In particular, the main features of teaching methodology in thi s book is characterized as: enhancing 4 language skill practices namely listening, speaking, reading, and writing; practicing grammatical structure and vocabulary and introducing systematic and appropriate means of communicative language function; various effective teaching and learning technique presented in each unit; and regular interaction between students and teachers (MoEYS, 1999).

Should the United States involve in a war in Libya Essay

Should the United States involve in a war in Libya - Essay Example Libya is one country in which people started agitations against dictatorship of Gaddafi. However, Gaddafi tried to use iron fist to suppress the public agitation which forced United Nations to declare a no fly zone over Libya in order to save the innocent people from air strikes from the Gaddafi’s forces. Currently United States and its allies are protecting the Libyan agitators from the hands of Gaddafi. However many people believe that United States should declare war against in order to save the Libyan public from the dictatorship of Gaddafi. At the same time many people oppose America’s interference in Libya since they believe that attacking a sovereign state without enough reasons is morally and politically wrong. In my opinion, America should attack Libya in order to save the life of innocent people and this paper argues in favor of attacking Libya. Why Gaddafi should be expelled? The major reason why I support America’s intervention in Libya is the massacr es against the innocent people conducting by Gaddafi. â€Å"Many in Libya still remember how Gaddafi used to execute those who opposed him — or those he felt had opposed him — and would leave their bodies hanging from nooses for days as a warning† (Abdulrahim, n. d). ... Gaddafi is trying to sustain his administration and he using all false means to suppress the public agitation against him. Majority of the Libyan population like to see the ouster of Gaddafi since they like breath the air of freedom. Human right violations appear in many forms in Libya. Those who are expressing their opinion against the administration will be imprisoned in Libya. In the name of Islamic administration, Gaddafi is exploiting the weaknesses of the public. Gaddafi succeeded in enforcing censorship upon media so that the to and fro motion of unhealthy information between Libya and external world is impossible. The entire world is currently undergoing drastic changes because of globalization. Even the communist China has made lot of changes in their internal and external policies to give a humanitarian face to communism. In a civilized world like ours, people always like to enjoy equality, freedom, liberty etc. Only a democratic administration would be able to provide all these things to its citizen. Only a democratic administration would give power to the people in choosing their political leaders. Gaddafi is trying to prevent people from enjoying all such freedoms and hence America should do everything possible to expel Gaddafi. â€Å"Hope for a new government and for more fearless opposition to the regime is reflected in the ongoing protests. Multiple Libyan diplomats and politicians, including the justice and interior ministers, have resigned† (Soliman, 2011). The support for the ouster of Gaddafi not only comes from the public, but also from the colleagues of Gaddafi. In other words, nobody has any satisfaction over the Gaddafi administration which means America will get immense public support if they decide to

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American and Chinese Management Culture - Research Paper Example According to Chinese management culture, business success is attributed to luck while business failure is attributed to personal failures in life. In contrast, American management culture attribute organizational success to high performance of employees, creativity of managers and good management practices. American culture attributes business failure to poor leadership and management practices or high competition in the market (Wenzhong 37). Another difference in the management cultures is on delegating responsibilities and accountability. Responsibility delegation will influence employee accountability and performance in his job. In America, management embraces proper delegation of authority and responsibility to the subordinates. Employees are accountable for the tasks delegated to them. In China, there is less delegation of authority and responsibility to employees thus employees are not personally accountable for the tasks but are considered to be part of a group work or team (L ynch 42). Chinese management philosophy values collectivism while American management cultures are individualism. In China, the management emphasizes on group cooperation. Chinese managers expect every employee to actively participate in accomplishing the goals of the organization. Individual employees are expected to show loyalty to organizational goals. Chinese collectivism management culture utilizes strict rules and disciplinary measures in order to ensure group stability. On the other side, American management culture is individualism. In America, employees exercise more freedom by exhibiting creativity and innovation in their jobs. American management culture values individual rights and goals and tries to align the employee goals with organizational goals in order to maximize employee productivity. In America, employees value personal achievement and success in their individual tasks, they work hard for promotions and better compensation (Lynch 66). Another difference in Amer ican and Chinese management cultures is the perceptions on time. Chinese managers pay more attention to past and long-term relationships with business partners and suppliers. In China, the management builds working relations with customers before starting transactions thus resulting in time wastage on discussing business decisions. Other the other hand, American management culture is less in the past relationships with business partners. American managers expect short term rewards from their business decisions. American management culture entails fast decision making and less established working relationships with business partners (Wenzhong 39). Chinese economy experiences some high government control while American economy is purely capitalist and free market economy. Chinese managers must establish cordial relationships with government officials in order to succeed unlike American management thus only need to work within the established business regulations and business legal env ironment. Chinese management culture values working personal relationships than established rules and procedures. American management culture follows well documented processes and rules that are fair to all the stakeholders in the organization. For instance, most companies in China may lack grievances handling procedures or a ethics code. American management culture has written human resource policies and ethical code of conduct that all employees must follow (Nocera 5). Chinese

Romero (1989) - Religion film analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

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Teenage Drug Abuse Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

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Research week9 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

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Marketing professional practice 300 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

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Indias Soft Drinks Industry Essay Example for Free

Indias Soft Drinks Industry Essay 1. 1. 1 INDIA’S PHYSICAL RESOURCES India is a country rich of raw materials, resources and land. For this report, we will focus on those physical resources that are essential for the soft drinks industry – water, sugar, aluminium, power sources. With a land space of over 2. 9 million square kilometres (sq km) and a population of 1. 22 billion people, India has only 314,070 sq km of water (CIA World Fact book, 2012). Even though the Indian government has done many things do improved the situation by building water plants and water piping in the urban and rural areas, there are still about 18. 5% of the population (226 million) that lack access to clean, drinkable water (CESS INDIA, 2004) With a sophisticated water purification installed in our soft drinks plantation, A. G. Barr are able to process the unclean water into safe, drinkable water and use it for the basis of the final products. Hence, A. G. Barr will be able to offer an alternative drinking source for the citizens with our soft drinks products. Next, with a total arable territory of about 1. 2 million sq km, agriculture is the biggest industry and plays a major role in the socioeconomic growth of India (Maps of India, 2012). According to Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) (2012) and the Maps of India (2012), India is the 2nd biggest world producers of sugarcane (sugar) with about 453 sugar mills located all over India. INCLUDEPICTURE http://faostat. fao. org/DesktopModules/Faostat/Images/T20/ChartPic_3nemzw945otecriq01oo. png? 3f2841b2-add0-4841-9dc7-5707a2a011f0 \* MERGEFORMATINET Table 1: Top Production – Sugar cane 2010 Source: FAO Thirdly, for aluminium, India is the fifth biggest producer in the world after Australia, Guinea, Brazil and Jamaica (Maps of India, 2012). Finally, to obtain vast economic growth and a flourishing industrial sector, the Indian government has invested and given top precedence to the power sector of the nation and as of the 21st century, India is able to generate about 90% of its own energy through (Maps of India, 2012): Thermal/Coal Power Hydro Power Renewable Resources Power Nuclear Power With most of the raw materials and resources readily available in India, the price for these materials will be relatively standard and low. Hence, this will lower the cost of production. This is a key factor in venturing into the India market as A. G. Barr require a huge amount of clean water and sugar to produce the soft drink products. 1. 2 THREATS 1. 2. 1 INFRASTRUCTURE The infrastructure in India is one of the most problematic and unreliable in the world. As stated previously, even though India is able to generate 90% of its power, due to the poor financial position of many power supply companies, the power supplies are always inconsistent and frequently being cut-off (India: Risk overview, 2011). Hence, companies, offices and industrial plants need to have their own back-up power facilities to ensure no interruption to the production processes (India: Risk overview, 2011). The road and railway system in India is still undependable and many traffic congestions are resulted due to the inadequacy. Pan (Asiamoney, 2010) notes that while the Indian government are investing US$1 trillion in infrastructure from 2012 to 2017, political bureaucracy and lack of good projects are hindering the developments of infrastructure. At the same time, Roy (Euromoney, 2010) reports that while Mr. Rajiv Lall, chief executive of state-run lender Infrastructure Development Finance Company believes India infrastructure has been slowly improving, the dependable relationship between the public sector and the private sectors in infrastructure will lead to corruption and thus may hinder the progression of big infrastructure projects. Therefore, any company that wish to venture into India soft drinks market will need to spend a sizeable amount on power generator and water purification facilities. This huge expenditure will put a dent on the initial capital investment and A. G. Barr need to take this into account and plan on how much of the expenditure to be transferred over to the final consumers through the products. 1. 2. 2 EDUCATION AND LABOUR According to several organizations; CIA (2012), US Department of State (2011) and WEF (2011), India’s literacy rate is only at 61%. The education level in India is low as many of the population live in poverty or the slump and unable to afford going school. Moreover, the Indian government lacks of provision of education is hindering its people to learn and receive knowledge. This result in a low skilled workforce and the unemployment rate for youth age 15 to 24 in India is high at 10. 5% (CIA World Fact Book, 2012). While a soft drink company with high technology facilities and processes requires employees with minimal skills, it is still essential for these workers have a basic understanding and motor skills to operate the high-tech, expensive machineries. Another end of the spectrum is those highly educated Indians where the information technology (IT) sector is booming. These IT personnel and engineers are viable to our company as they able to manage, supervise and suitable of the higher ranking jobs. Hence, to ensure the workers hired have the essential skills, A. G. Barr will need to frequently conduct training programs, skills development workshops and have simple instructions which are easy to follow. 2. DEMAND CONDITIONS With the relaxation of the Indian government policy on FDIs and foreign companies, the soft drinks industry had change tremendously. As the US and EU markets are highly saturated, companies are looking into the Asian markets to expand and gain more revenues. Apart from China, Japan and South Korea, India is the 4th leading Asian soft drinks market and the market is still growing and has yet to reach its saturation point. In 2010, there is a substantial demand for soft drinks as the market has grown by 10. 4% (Datamonitor, 2011). Datamonitor (2011) even predicts that by 2015, the Indian market will grow to a value of $5. 8 million. Table 2 shows the growth of India soft drink market from 2006 to 2010. Table 2: India soft drinks market volume: million liters, 2006–10(e) Datamonitor (2011) also reports that as of 2010, the soft drinks industry has generated total revenues of $3. 8 billion and with 50% of the total revenues, carbonates sale is the most profitable category. Table 3: India soft drinks market segmentation: % share, by value, 2010(e) It is essential to note that currently there is a growing trend of â€Å"vitamin water† or â€Å"nutrient water† in the world as many people are becoming more health conscious. The Times (London) (2012) reports that even India is not spared from the trend as PepsiCo, together with Tata Global Beverages, intend to market the â€Å"nutrient water† to India’s urban, middle-class consumers where a bottle of such product will cost slightly higher than a standard bottled water. Hence, this could greatly affect the retail sales of carbonates. A. G. Barr has already altered its products to regular variants to low calorie and no added sugar variants in accordance to the gradual shift towards healthly living in the UK (A. G. Barr, 2012). For example, its popular porduct, IRN-BRU now comes in a sugar free variation, the ‘IRN-BRU sugar free’. Thus, the â€Å"nutrient water† market is another sector A. G. Barr could develop into not only in UK but also in India. 3. India has huge supporting industries for the soft drinks market and the availablity of the main components for a soft drinks company in India is high. There are 453 sugar mills in India and the top 6 growing states are located in the Northern, Southern and Western regions of India (Maps of India, 2012). Noteably, the Indian government has been extentsively investing in the agriculture sector to ensure that the process of the sector from raw materials to warehousing and merchandising flow smoothly. And as for the aluminium industry, India has a sizeable number of aluminium plants located mainly in Northern and Southern regions. 3. 2 BARGAINING POWER OF SUPPLIERS As inputs are readily available, suppliers are unable to provide their services or sell their products at a higher price than their competitors as it is of no loss to the soft drinks company since the company is able to get the same or better services and products from other suppliers. A. G. Barr is able to obtain the primary inputs for its products through several sources in the region or state. Thus, the bargaining power of suppliers such as the packaging producers and raw materials and soft drinks ingredients producers are relatively low (Datamonitor, 2011). 3. 3 BARGAINING POWER OF BUYERS The power of the retailers and distributors in this market is weak as most soft drinks manufactures work closely with the local bottling companies to distribute the ready for sale products to buyers within a certain region or sector (Datamonitor, 2011). Datamonitor (2011) also reports that with 46. 3% of the total market volume, the independent retailers such as the small family mart shops are the main distribution channels for soft drinks but this could change with the introduction of super and hypermarkets. Thus, consumers will have a wider range of soft drinks brands to choose from. In order to gain relatively significant market share, A. G. Barr needs to do plenty of advertising and promotion. One of the strategies A. G. Barr could adopt is to set their soft drinks at a lower price than the main competitors, TCCC and PepsiCo in the rural areas while maintaining the same price in the urban areas where most of the middle-income and high-income classes have high consumer purchasing power. 4. FIRM STRATEGY, STRUCTURE AND RIVALRY 4. 1 CULTURAL IMPACT ON FIRM STRATEGY AND STRUCTURE A. G. Barr core strategic focus is based on the following 7 platforms (A. G.Barr, 2012): Core Brands and Markets Portfolio development Route to market Partnerships Efficient Operations People Development Sustainability To ensure these strategies and structure is maintain in other country, A. G. Barr has to train its overseas employees, make them understand and cultivate the A. G. Barr working culture. However, this will be a tough challenge in India due to the poor education and different socio-culture. Thus, A. G. Barr needs to accommodate its Western working culture with India working culture, however without losing its main mission and strategy. To ensure this is excuted properly, A. G. Barr needs to obtain a specialist in the Indian market and culture. 4. 2 RIVALRY AMONG EXISTING COMPETITORS In India, the soft drink market is dominated by three main players The Coca-Cola Company (TCCC), PepsiCo and Parle Bisleri Ltd – securing 74. 1% of the total market volume (Datamonitor, 2011). Table 4: India soft drinks market share: % share, by volume, 2010(e) BBC News (2011) reports that TCCC planned to invest $2 billion in India to boost its market share and expected India to be in its top five markets by 2020. Meanwhile, PepsiCo intend to launch a new product, â€Å"nutrient water† with Tata Water targeting at the young urban consumers to gain more market shares (Pagnamenta, 2012). This shows how competitive the rivalry in the India soft drinks industry where the two major market shares are actively investing and developing new products to gain more shares. 4. 3 THREAT OF NEW ENTRANTS The big players of the India soft drinks industry are actively improving themselves and distinguishing their products through various methods. Furthermore, TCCC and PepsiCo are renowned world soft drinks brands which have been existing in the India market for many years. Though new companies in the industry may have difficulty competing with the existing players, it may accomplish small success by using different production method or focusing on the lesser ventured catergories of the soft drinks markets such as health drinks and energy drinks (Datamonitor, 2011). This could be a major break through for A. G. Barr as its most popular products; the IRN-BRU; is low in sugar and contains additional benefits of an energy drink. In addition, the Rockstar series which are designed to target those who lead active lifestyles may be able to attract the young, urban consumers. With several advertising accolades, A. G. Barr has the knowledge and is able use the power of media to attract potential consumers and gain more market shares. 4. 4 THREAT OF SUBSTITUTES The main substitutes for soft drinks markets are traditonal tea and coffee, homemade juices and fresh water from the water plants or piping system. As A. G. Barr and other leading soft drinks companies have diverse products to cater to the different needs of the consumers – carbonates, bottled water, juices etc – this will narrow down the threat of substitutes. However, the threat is still relatively moderate as retailers and distributors may give more shelf space for traditional tea and coffee products as they may be stored at room temperatures (Datamonitor, 2011). 5. GOVERNMENT BBC News (2011) reports that India is ranked 95th out of 183 nations in the Transparency International Corruption Perceptions (TICP) list. Due to the high corruption scandals among its government officials, low or invisible legislative work, red tape and bureaucracy, India has dropped from 87th in 2010 to 95th (BBC News, 2011). Despite its numerous intervention, corruption in India is an issue which is very difficult to get rid off since most of the political members and officals have their own agendas and are resistant to change (India: Risk overview, 2011). Hence, foreign companies will faced many setbacks when they venture into the India sectors. 6. ROLE OF CHANCE The role of chance plays a small part in factoring the soft drinks industry as most of the technology are at it most advanced state. The only main issue currently is the Iran oil crisis. As India still refuses to cut Iranian oil imports, this may lead to a huge setback if USA decides to attack Iran and ignore India’s relation with Iran (CBS News, 2012, Kennedy, 2012). With a potential strain relationship with USA, this could lead to severe freeze in the trade and foreign direct investments. Furthermore, the other two traid nations, EU and Japan, may follow suit USA’s decision to cut ties with India for refusing to withdraw the purchasing of Iranian oil. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the soft drinks market in India is huge though it is predominately hold by 3 major key players. To venture into this territory, a new company need to set itself apart from the majpr players through unique advertising, differentiated production method and diverse product offerings. New companies may set an initial low price of its products to attract consumers however; this should not be a long term strategy. Companies need to have a huge capital investment to counter the corruption, trade policies and poor infrastructure. Thus, expenditures and initial start-up cost will be high and companies will have to redistribute part of the cost to its final consumers in order to gain profits. PART B: CRITICAL EVALUATION OF PORTERS NATIONAL DIAMOND MODEL Michael E. Porter is a well renowned economic strategist whom has writen 18 books and over125 articles (HBS, 2008). With a core field in competitive strategy, Porter has written and developed a number of strategic frameworks such as the Porter’s National Diamond model and Porter’s 5 Forces analysis. Since the model was based on eight developed countries and two industrialized countries, an analysis on developing, growing countries such as India is flawed. This is because these developing countries are not on the same economic level as the 10 countries. Thus, though the Porter’s National Diamond (PND) model analysis almost every aspect of India’s profile, it still lacks in-depth analysis and companies should not base their analytical evaluation on the PND model alone. As supported by Van Den Bosch, and Van Proojien (1992), both authors believed that PND model provide limited analysis on the control of national culture on the competitive advantage of nations. Similar to the EU countries, India too has a diverse set of culture which plays significant role in the management of the country’s economy, laws, trade policies and governance. There are limited sources on India and the soft drinks market due to the lack of legistative work from the government officals. Furthermore, some of the reports or statistics may not be entirely accurate due to the high corruption level. For example, reports may state that India is able to generate 90% of its power but the power plants are inconsistent and supplies are frequently distrupted. Also, to what extend is the literacy rate of India is correct? The literacy rates may be higher than stated as with 1. 22 billion people, India officials may have a tough job collecting the accurate datas. Moreover, with high poverty and low income, most of Indian citizens have the ‘thrifty mindset’ whereby they prefer things which are basically free even though it maybe harmful such as drinking untreated water. These are the pros of the PND model for India: Analysis different aspect of the country profile Takes into account the role of Government which is the most essential for India These are the cons of the PND model for India: Limited credible sources for analysis Little depth as India is a huge country with various swinging factors. Limited analysis on the cultural effect on a country’s competitive advantage Ways to improve the PND model for India: Supporting the model with other analysis model such as PEST, SWOT, Porter’s 5 Forces and Fons Trompenaars’ Seven Cultural Dimensions. Intentsive research on the market and the growth of the market. REFERENCES A. G. Barr (2012) About Us. Available at: http://www. agbarr. co. uk/agbarr/newsite/ces_general. nsf/wpg/about_us-our_strategy (Accessed: 22 March 2012). BBC News (2011) Coke plans $2bn India investment in bid to boost growth. Available at: http://www. bbc. co. uk/news/business-15731884 (Accessed: 20 February 2012). BBC News (2011) India Transparency International corruption index blow. Available at: http://www. bbc. co. uk/news/world-asia-india-15979646 (Accessed: 01 March 2012). CBS News (2012) U. K. : Attack on Iran has enormous downsides. Available at: http://www. cbsnews. com/8301-202_162-57380838/u.k. -attack-on-iran-has-enormous-downsides/? tag=mncol;lst;1 (Accessed: 20 February 2012). India. CESS (2004) Right to Drinking Water in India. Available at: http://www. cess. ac. in/cesshome/wp%5CWater. pdf (Accessed: 22 March 2012). CIA (2012) South Asia, India. Available at: https://www. cia. gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/in. html (Accessed: 20 February 2012). FAO (2012) Faostat. Available at: http://faostat. fao. org/site/339/default. aspx (Accessed: 01 March 2012). HBS (2008) Harvard Business School Faculty Research. Available at: http://drfd. hbs. edu/fit/public/facultyInfo. do? facInfo=biofacEmId=mporter (Accessed: 10 April 2012). India: Risk overview’ (2011) Business Asia, 43, 14, pp. 10-11, Business Source Premier, EBSCO [Online]. Available at http://searchebscohost. com (Accessed: 22 March 2012). Kennedy (2012) US Pleas for Asia to Cut Iranian Oil Imports Fall on Deaf Ears, Oilprice. Available at: http://oilprice. com/Latest-Energy-News/World-News/US-Pleas-for-Asia-to-Cut-Iranian-Oil-Imports-Fall-on-Deaf-Ears. html (Accessed: 20 February 2012). Maps of India (2012) India Agriculture.

Huntington Theory - Military Professional Essay Example for Free

Huntington Theory Military Professional Essay Scholars like Kaplan, Friedman, Huntington and Barnett have postulated various theories on military service. Samuel P Huntington is one of the scholars who have postulated theories of military service. His theory is also referred to as the normal theory. This paper seeks to show how Huntington’s theory impacts on one’s future in military service. Discussion Owen M (2010) gives credit to Samuel Huntington for his role in developing the normal theory. Owen points out that through this theory Huntington endeavored to solve the dilemma of â€Å"how to guarantee civilian control of the military while still ensuring the ability of the uniformed military to provide security. † Huntington cited in Owen (2010) says the solution to this dilemma lies in â€Å"a mechanism for creating and maintaining a professional, apolitical military establishment, which he called â€Å"objective control. In this regard, Huntington cited in Williams (1995), says the community should have control over the military and army professionals should be denied some of the privileges enjoyed by civilians like political affiliations. Politics is a game of numbers, in my view, this may disadvantage military officers who harbour ambitious of venturing in politics because they are denied involvement in political parties affairs. This impacts negatively on their popularity with the voters. However, there are those candidates such as 2008 republican candidate John McCain who used their experience in the military as a campaign tool to endear themselves to the voters. In my view, professional and experienced military officers make better commander in chief of the armed forces. Additionally, Idsa (2010) concurs with Huntington that one way of achieving civilian control of the military is by ensuring that the funding of the military is left in the hands of the civilian institutions. Idsa points out that civilian institutions should allow the military to advise them on military matters but ultimately the military should only executive those decisions approved by the civilian institutions. In my view this may endanger the lives of military officers. Due to high budgetary needs of a country, military equipment needed in times of war may be sacrificed to meet other needs in another sector of the economy. Huntington theory goes along way in developing responsible and knowledgeable persons. As Idsa (2010) points out military professionals should present their considerations within the appropriate â€Å"channel of authority and communication. † To effectively carry out his/her duties, Huntington as cited in Williams (1995) states that an army officer must be highly expertise, cooperative and responsible in his profession. He meant that an officer must be well knowledgeable in combating violence. Williams (1995) while says that after training the officers should only work with three words â€Å"duty, honor, country. † As a result, Huntington envisaged a military force free of corruption. The officer is expected to be different from other skilled workers in that money should not play any part enticing one to join the forces. However, the army professional should be well rewarded so as to promote hiring, maintain the officers in the force and boost their morale. Williams (1995) says that Huntington argued that a well skilled army professional should be willing to observe the legal requirements made by citizen organizations recognized by law. In addition, the officers should accept to act as subordinates to individuals as required by legalized community organizations. The military officers are expected to hold a high opinion of their career and should not cause civil unrest or run the government. Since the army professionals are recruited with certain levels of qualification, and by the virtue that they belong in the same profession and hold same competencies, the officers tend to exhibit cooperativeness. This supports the statement of Huntington as quoted by Williams (1995) that â€Å"the members of a profession share a sense of organic unity and consciousness of themselves as a group apart from laymen. . This attribute is fostered by their common training which take quite a long duration, collective discipline and sharing of their societal tasks (Williams, 1995). Conclusion In view of the above statements, Huntington theory helps in creating and maintaining cordial relations between the civilians and the military officers. A professional force envisaged in this theory will go along in ensuring peaceful co-existence helps fight vices such as cor ruption and military coups.

Physical, Social and Emotional Development of Toddlers

Physical, Social and Emotional Development of Toddlers EVERTHING YOU NEEDED TO KNOW ABOUT TODDLERS PLANNING FOR PARENTING A parenting plan is an arrangement in advance for an unborn baby. The Parenting plan includes time each parent will spend with their baby. The Parenting plan also about the major life decisions such as Education, Health, Safety etc. The parenting plan should be created so that child lives his/her life in a way they want to live. The Child’s needs come first so make sure that your planning plan includes everything a child need before u buy anything for yourself. The parenting planning should include how would you treat your baby and how would you take care of the baby. The parenting plan should include that the baby. The parenting plan should also include exploring the world with your child and telling them everything they ask. The plan could also make sure that if parents separated one of the parents should accept the kid. Develop a plan for their reproductive life. A pregnant woman should intake folic acid at least 400 micrograms. A pregnant woman should check her immunizatio n record for safety of the baby and does not have any medical issues or any other family health history. A woman should be able to cope with her depression and anxiety as it can affect the health of the baby. IMPORTANCE OF HEALTHY PREGNANCY: Health plays major role in pregnancy. A pregnant woman good health’s mean her baby has good health. Women who concentrate more on her eating diets and health would have fewer difficulties during pregnancy and will give birth to a well-developed baby. Alcohol consumption and Smoking should be prohibited as this would affect the baby and could lead to miscarriage. A woman should avoid seafood or any refrigerated meat as it some sea food has mercury in it and could harm the baby. But some fishes like tuna, shrimps can be eaten 6 ounces per week. TODDLER Physical development is a type of development where a child develops by interacting with the world. Physical development includes a toddler growth and ability to use those physical skills. Gross motor development and Fine Motor skills: Gross motor development is a child using the entire body or several parts of the body at one time. Activities like crawling, running and walking are all part of Gross motor development. Fine motor skills involve the coordination and control of small muscles, and skills like holding a rattle, picking up crumbs and scribbling with a pencil. Some areas to look when developing gross motor development and fine motor skills. Muscle tone: A toddler should have a firm control on what he holds on. Muscle strength: A toddler is muscle strength is described by the weight he can pick up. Quality of movements: A toddler would have fast body movements or slow body movement depending upon their body growth Physical development by age one A toddler can stand and sit without support and can control his legs and hands. Physical development by age two A toddler now can run and go up and down the stairs. He would use spoon and fork to eat his meal which shows his/her table manners. A toddler will attempt to dress and have a bladder control. He can kick a ball and can build six blocks of tower. Physical development by age three A toddler can run well and can stand on one foot. A toddler can button and unbutton his/her shirts and can put on his/her own shoes and socks; may not be able to tie shoe laces. INTELLECTUAL DEVELOPMENT Intellectual development is defined as a child’s ability and thinking to explore the world. Toddlers continue to develop their intellectual skills by learning new skills, understanding of certain events and current events and have a certain increase in memory. Toddler now can explain their experiences and their dreams. It is the construction of thought processes, including remembering, problem solving, and decision-making. In childhood, it’s important to develop cognitive skills in a child so he can face problems on his own when he grows up. Intellectual development by age one A parent should use simple gestures to communicate with the toddler at this age. A toddler explores things with shaking, banging and throwing. Intellectual development by age two Toddler now can be able to point what he/she wants and can understand instructions given from their parent A toddler remembers names of familiar people. A toddler can find a hidden object under 2 or 3 covers. Intellectual development by age three A toddler can sort color and shape independently. A toddler can play simple pretend games and can complete a 3-4 pieces of puzzle. A toddler can follow up to 2 instructions at one time like open the jar and take one cookie. EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT Emotional development is the growth of child’s emotions, experience, expression and understanding. It is important for parents to accept that their actions and behaviour has a lot of influence on a toddler’s child development. Emotional development by age one A toddler would be shy or afraid with strangers and would show fear in some situations. A toddler shows love and affection to familiar people and would have temper tantrums like screaming, crying and whining. Emotional development by age two A toddler would recognize herself in a photograph or in a mirror. Emotional development by age three A toddler now under SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT PARENTS AND CAREGIVERS CAN DO TO PROMOTE DEVELOPMENT Multiple Ways Parents can boost physical development t in toddlers are: A parent should participate or play with their child for at least 60 to 90 minutes to increase the physical growth of a child. Parents should not let his/her child to spend most of his time on electronic devices. Parents should try to play interesting games with their kid so it could help their bones and maintain a healthy weight. Multiple Ways parents can boost intellectual development in toddlers are: A parent should play games like board games and hide and seek and should help them to identify objects, shapes and colours to increase thinking skills and creativity. LITERARY AND READING TO CHILDREN The development of literacy skill is an important part of a toddler’s life. It helps in other vital skills like socialization, management and working independently. A child should have strong literary development to read, understand, write and speak. It’s important for a toddler to read as it would develop a strong base for literacy skill. A toddler can identify pictures and objects in a book and can talk about them. A toddler knows shapes, knows how words can rhyme and names of familiar people. A toddler should be able to read his books as reading increases thinking and problem solving skills. Multiple Ways parent can boost literary skills are: A parent should read with his toddler and help them understand the book and teach them new words. A parent should ask the toddlers about the picture in the book and talk about it. Talk about your child’s feelings and emotions and try to tell your feelings to them so they can understand. Talk about each other’s day and tell the toddler about your family stories. FOOD CHOICES SAFETY ISSUES AND CONCERNS A toddler’s safety is a parent’s responsibility. Toddlers are too young to understand or learn about safety. They need a safe environment to develop and explore the world. Ways to prevent injuries to your toddlers: Have a first aid in your house so that if a child has a minor fall down, you can treat him. http://www.cyh.com/HealthTopics/HealthTopicDetails.aspx?p=114id=1996np=305 http://raisingchildren.net.au/articles/developing_literacy.html#reading http://www.friendshipcircle.org/blog/2014/06/09/10-ways-to-promote-your-childs-cognitive-development/ http://www.healthline.com/health/pregnancy/healthy-pregnancy#Health1 http://kidztrainer.com/wallpapers/Cute-children-room-design-inspiration-vertbaudet-kid-bedroom#sthash.jrluZSvG.dpbs http://www.kidspot.com.au/discoverycentre/Development-Development-Physical-development-in-babies-and-children+5367+553+article.htm

Does Abortion Relieve Overpopulation? Essays -- Argumentative Persuasi

Does Abortion Relieve Overpopulation?      Ã‚  Ã‚   TV and other media regularly tout the threat of global overpopulation if abortion is not widely implemented. And it is true that people in various Third World countries are starving - about 700 million are chronically hungry according to many reports. But this is due, not to overpopulation, but rather to improper distribution and sharing of food supplies - which are very adequate for all people everywhere to live a healthy life.    In fact, the real emergency lies in the fact that populations are falling! More than seventy countries, representing more than half the world's population, have below replacement rate fertility, which is defined as 2.1 children per woman. According to United Nations projections, the population of the world will peak at seven-plus billion about the year 2040, and then begin to decline.    Peter F. Drucker, respected and famous US economist, in his book Management Challenges for the 21st Century, staes quite frankly:    "The most important single new certainty -- if only because there is no precedent for it in all of history -- is the collapsing birthrate in the developed world." Drucker outlines the problems in seven pages at the beginning of his book, and then carries the thread throughout the work. He describes how Japan and all of Southern Europe are "drifting toward collective national suicide by the end of the 21st century." He cites statistics to back up his contention and then observes that the United States is not far behind the other dying nations. He gives us another twenty to twenty-five years and then points out that our population will begin to seriously decline.    No, overpopulation is not a threat. The choice ... ...eter F. Management Challenges for the 21st Century. http://www.all.org/issues/index.htm Hamlin, H. "Life or Death by EEG." Journal of the Amedos. Medical A's',, 1W12/84, p. 20. Hooker and Davenport. The Prenatal Origin of Behavior. Kansas: University of Kansas Press, 1952. Noonan, "The Experience of Pain, New Perspectives on Human Abortion." N.p.: A1etheia Books, 1981. p.213. Reinis, Stanislaw and Jerome M. Goldman. The Development of the Brain. Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas Publishers, 1980. Rockwell, P.E.,M.D. Director of Anesthesiology, Leonard Hospital, Troy, NY, U.S. Supreme Court, Markle vs. Abele, 72-56, 72-730, 1972. P.11 The Silent Scream. Cleveland, OH: American Portrait Films, 1984. Tanner, J.M. and G.R. Taylor, Time-Life Books. Growth, New York: Life Science Life, 1965. p.64.

Audrey Hepbrun: A Hollywood Fairytale Essay example -- essays researc

Outline I. Intro: Thesis- Audrey Hepburn took a difficult childhood and turned it into a gilded fairytale effortlessly. II. Family Life/Growing up: A-Shyness B-Turbulent family III. Suffering in Holland: A-Reasoning to return 1. Childhood in Holland B-"Aware of suffering and fear" IV. Dancing: A-Love of Dancing B-Chorus girl V. Getting into acting: A-Getting started 1. Acting surprise B-First movie role VI. Going to America: A-Can't act 1.Gigi rehearsals B-Audrey makes Hollywood VII. Miscarriage: A- 1st miscarriage 1. Another miscarriage 2. Miscarriage 1966 B-"Gift of God" VIII. Conclusion Audrey Hepburn: A Hollywood Fairytale. Christina Bremmerman Ms. Karyn B. Lentz Honors English 11 May 7, 2002 Bremmerman 1 Christina Bremmerman Ms. Karyn B. Lentz Honors English 11 May 7, 2002 Audrey Hepburn... ...out.("Audrey Hepburn Biography" 3). Even after miscarriages Audrey was still Bremmerman 6 the actress with a perfect life that everyone saw. Giving birth was her greatest feat, even greater than becoming a great actress. She achieved the one thing in life she had always wanted. After many hardships Audrey Hepburn's life changed to the better on the outside, she led the life everyone thought they wanted, but being the scenes she was still being faced with emotional misfortunes. She was a remarkable actress and she becomes even more remarkable as the conflicts of her life are revealed. Bremmerman 7 Works Cited "Audrey Hepburn Biography" [http://www.thefairestlady.com/audrey/printable.html]. May 8, 2002 "Hepburn, Audrey" Americana. 1987 Lavin, Cheryl. "Vital Statistics--Audrey Hepburn" St. Louis Post- Dispatch November 8, 1989 Warren, Jane. The Daily News Woodward, Ian. Audrey Hepburn. New York, St. Martin's press, 1984.

Essay --

A. Specific Aims West Nile virus (WNV) was first identified in New York City in 1999 and quickly spread across the US to become the dominant mosquito-borne viral infection in humans in the country. Since its introduction to the US, WNV has been estimated to cause more than 3 million infections resulting in 37,000 confirmed cases of WNV disease in humans, 43% of which resulted in neuroinvasive diseases, and 1,100 deaths3. WNV has also been responsible for declines in certain US avian populations affecting over 100 different species. Avian species that are highly susceptible to severe WNV disease belong to the Corvidae family, including American crows (AMCRs) in which WNV infection is 100% lethal. This high mortality rate has led to the creation of a national surveillance program based on AMCRs in order to forecast WNV transmission to humans4. The genetic and pathological mechanisms to explain the interspecies variability in WNV susceptibility that have caused such large-scale declines in North American bird populations have not been determined. The objective of this proposal is to investigate: a) the antiviral response elicited in three avian species which contribute differentially to the amplification of WNV and have different disease outcomes following WNV infection, b) the differential antiviral induction potential in host cells and the sensitivity to antiviral host responses of three strains of WNV displaying a range of virulence capacities, and c) the role of cellular tropism in the elicitation of the host antiviral response and on WNV replication within host cells. I hypothesize that avian hosts susceptible to severe WNV disease do not mount an effective innate antiviral response that could control viral replication and diss... ...ent bird species. Based on data generated in Aim 1.1 genes identified to contribute to either susceptibility or resistant phenotypes in the type I interferon pathway will also be examined in this subaim. To identify the cell types critical for WNV amplification in each avian species, viral load will be quantified by qRT-PCR for each of the 8 time points. The mosquito cell targeted virus will serve as a control since replication will be unrestricted. Expected outcomes and potential pitfalls. It is anticipated that gene expression within the type I IFN pathway will be differentially expressed between the different inoculation groups and bird species. By limiting viral replication, we might also negatively impact the antiviral response in cell types that are major contributors to the type I IFN pathway thereby altering dissemination and viral replication potential.

Questions Kooistra Autogroep Essay

2. Evaluate the budgeting, performance measurement, and incentive systems used at Kooistra Autogroep. What changes would you recommend, if any? Budgeting system: The CEO introduced a formal annual budgeting process. The main target of this budgeting system was to determine the net profit targets for the year. The net profit target is the company’s revenue minus the controllable expenses. These targets were for the company’s departments and should help with decentralization of the company. The budgeting process was ment to be bottom-up. This means that the managers of the departments could prepare the budgets and the CEO and CFO then reviewed these budgets. Most managers are unexperienced with budgeting and the review of the CFO and CEO would lead to a discussion so that the managers would get more and more confident with budgeting. This would help the decentralization. The car industry is an industry, which is really dependable on the economic conditions. So the budget made at the beginning of the year is not always a feasible budget. Reviewing the budget a few times a year could change this. The CEO helps out sometimes when the budget target probably is not going to be made. But the managers cannot depend on this. Performance measurement: The new performance measurement now includes not only financial information but also nonfinancial information. The performance measurement system is used to communicate the company’s objectives to the personnel. The objects that are measured in the performance are the most important objectives. The performance measurements provide the managers with the information to do their job properly and it provides feedback to the top management about the performance of the managers. The company uses ‘Balanced Scorecard’ on a weekly basis. The balanced scorecard provides key metrics for the manager’s list of targets and it provides an indication of the progress towards budget target. Besides the balanced scorecard the managers get also a monthly report, which is more detailed about the company’s operations. Recommendation: the balanced scorecard is used to measure the manager’s performance for different factors. These factors are financial and nonfinancial. But it is not very clear what the targets are. Every  dealership has to have a return of sales of 2% but there is not given any further financial of nonfinancial performance indicator. Incentive system: A major change for the Kooistra Autogroep was the expansion of the pay-for performance system. The pay-for performance system already existed in the company but only for a few sales people. But this is limited and not fully covered for all the sales people. Because of the already excising contract and rejecting the pay-for performance bonus system not every sales person is accounted with pay for performance. This could lead to disorder and unfair situation. Because when its not going well with the economy and so with the dealerships sales the sales people with the pay for performance are accounted for the less sales. But the sales people with the normal salary contract are not accounted for the fewer sales. Also in normal situations the sales people with the pay-for performance system will try to do their best because their salary depends on their performance. While for the sales people with the normal contracts its not as much depended on their performance. For the management team the pay-for performance does its work for every member. So it’s fairer. The managers could also receive a bonus reduction when some criteria were not met. But it’s said that this would be a very subjective decision and it was not really clear on what criteria it depends. This should be changed and made clear on what criteria or totally deleted. Note: It is said that no bonus will be paid for below or above target performance, which is strange. Because as a company u would want to have above target performance. Further more the pay for performance system is a relatively unknown system in Dutch companies and the personnel of the company are not really pleased with this system. So it would be point to think about for the company to introduce the system quietly. This could be done for example by starting with a tradional bonus system and next to that also a pay for performance system. So using both systems for a few years and then switch to only a pay-for performance system.

Investigation on Protein Denaturation

By y. c. pong Introduction When you light an lump, the testicle innocence clump together and sour clear. It is be puddle the protein in addict albumenness undergoes denaturation, the conductress linkage(the fondness content bonds, ionic bonds and disulphride bonds) which maintain the protein var. destructed, so protein lose its tertiary con stressation. This denaturing forge is very authorized, because out front protein terminate be used in digestion they must be unfolded. Part A denaturation of pelt etiolated mystify To examine the factors on the lay expose of denaturation of pelt livid. prescript As protein denaturation rear end be cause by several factors much(prenominal) as temperature, pH, brininess concentration. In this experiment, we be examining how these factors affect the denaturation of protein. We use screwball duster, which is in truth a termination of protein in irrigate system in this experiment. afterwardwards the orb white had been dilute, the addict white consequence eject be put in 60? C and 80? C body of urine bath to test for how temperature affects denaturation. It cornerstone be record by the time regard for the first shift of appearance.To find out how pH of affect denaturation, we can add dropwise the actetic stinging to the egg white theme. Beside, the NaCl can withal be add dropwise to egg white, to test for how salinity concentration cause denaturation. Count the number of drop of solution added for an appearance change to occur. Observation 60 ? C water bath After 15 legal proceeding, a pale chickenhearteded semi- unharmed organise 80 ?C water bath After 2 minutes 30 seconds, a white jellify like solid organize. 1M acetic erosive After 10 drops of cuttingulent added, the solution become pale color and clumping of egg white occurs 5M NaCl After 27 drops of NaCl added, the solution become yellow and clumping f egg white occurs Add equal bulk of water No evi dent change Discussion Protein? s three dimension conformation is held by the interaction amidst its amino social diseases. This interaction included hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds and disulphride bonds. But in whatsoever extreme condition, such as game temperature, extreme pH, high salt concentration, the protein fall off on be denaturate. It is because the cross linkage had been broken, the indirect and tertiary structure argon alter.The protein directly has primary structure as peptide bonds atomic number 18 strong enough non to be destructed. In our experiment, we observed that the egg white clump together after denaturation (either by heat, pH or salt concentration). It is because after the normal structure is destructed, some unfermented bonding may be formed between proteins. They can have a big clump of proteins hooked together. That is the coagulation. In coagulation process, the egg white rancid from transpargonnt to a cloudy solution, because as the protein cl ump together, there are no much space for light the pass through, so it looks more cloudy.Besides, in 80 ? C boiling subway system, the egg white magical spelled white while at 60 ? C the egg white and clump to a yellow semi-solid. It is because at high temperature more kinetic energy is fork overd for the molecules to vibrate, so the bondings are cut off more greatly. So it can be concluded that a high temperature ordain have a stronger encumbrance on denaturation. Part B egg custard Aim To measure the phrase transitions that occurs in denaturation of egg and draw as affected by temperature change. PrincipleEgg and draw are the main constituents of an egg custard, through bake an egg custard, we can examine the pattern transition of transition of denaturation of egg and draw as affected by temperature. core After baking the egg custard for 30 minutes, the egg custard set to a yellow smooth gel. Discussion The egg custard is at liquid manakin before baking, and it turn to solid phase after baking. It shows that phase transitions of liquid to solid had occur in the denaturation process of egg and take out as affect by high temperature. The egg custard has a smooth and spongy texture.In the experiment, our egg custard is do of egg, milk, sugar only. Through applying of heat and manipulation, custards can become a glutinous and semi-rigid gel, denaturation of the egg protein, causes a clumping of proteins, is primarily stand for the thickening of the custard. Milk, although not as important as egg, only calcium ions indue in the milk are also needed in order to form thicker custard. Sugar is also important to the honeyedness and gel strength of custards. Sugar tends to add-on the denaturation temperature of the egg proteins endinging in less compressed custard.The concentration of egg protein is proportional to the viscosity or gel strength of the custard. With increase concentration, a custard sauce becomes more viscous and the gel s trength of a parched custard firmer. A custard heated slowly begins to thicken at a lower temperature, thickens piecemeal over a wider temperature range and result in a smoother texture. wearisome cooking can be achieved by placing the custard mixture in a water bath to warm to certain temperature before put into the oven which has been skipped in our experimentPart C denaturation of milk Aim To examine the factors on the effect of denaturation of milk. Principle Milk protein, similar with egg white, will also undergo denaturation in extreme condition. So acid and NaCl is added to milk respectively, to observe the changes and examine how pH and salt concentration affect denaturation. Then, they are perpetrate in a 80 ? C water bath, also a picture tube-shaped structure is tube is put in water bath, to examine the effect of temperature on denaturation. Observation original milk pH= 6. 63 1 M acetic acid 60 drops of 1 m acid had been added The pH=4. 67 at that place are wh ite ppt formed. Half standard of 1 M acetic acid added 30 drops of 1M acid added there are no observable change. And after heat for 2 minutes, there are white abrupt formed. 1 ml of 5M NaCl No observable changes soon after step-up of NaCl. There are humble white come after heat for 8 minutes. control No observable changes however after 20 minutes Centrifugation tube 3 bottoms formed.The upper layer is translucent, the meat one is white and the bottom layer is white precipitate. Discussion There are 3 layers present in the centrifugation tube after centrifugation. The upper layer is the acetic acid we added, the middle layer is the off-white serum, the bottom layer is the precipitate formed bring out by the sum of acid. There are 2 major(ip) components of milk, casein and serum .The casein contains morning star and will coagulate or precipitate at about pH 4. 6. The serum proteins do not contain phosphorus, and these proteins sojourn in solutio n in milk at pH 4. 6. So, when acetic acid added the pH drop to 4. 69 the casein precipitate so white precipitate is seen. The addition of NaCl only cause a little precipitation, shows decrease in pH has a greater effect on milk denaturation than increase in salt concentration. There are no observable changes in control because the protein are not yet denaturated in 80 ? C.Part D yogurt Aim To experience the fashioning of yoghurt and the theory of formation of yoghurt. Principle As natural yoghurt is make from fresh milk without other ingredient added, it can be made by simply add a little yoghurt and milk together and extend in 38 ? C incubator, which is a suitable temperature to make yoghurt. yoghourt can be available for tasting after 1-2 days. Results All milk turned into yoghurt, the stress is no longer liquid exactly is in semi-solid. The yoghurt is a man sour than the original exemplification. DiscussionYoghurt is made by fresh milk, but often some specific bacteria st rains are introduce into the milk. The bacteria put one across natural milk sugars and released lactic acid as a waste product. The acid decrease the pH and cause the denaturation of milk protein during which the cross linkage between protein conflagrate and protein uncoiled. Then, the protein will tangle into a solid mass, yoghurt formed In our experiment, we involved the 50 ml milk with 5 ml yoghurt to made the sample yoghurt instead of milk only . the 5 ml yoghurt is to provide the bacteria.Only a small amount of plump yoghurt can is needed to immunize a new batch of yoghurt because the bacteria can reproduce and triune themselves during the yoghurt making process. Besides the incubators temperature is 38 ? C because it is the best temperature of bacteria to reproduce. The yoghurt newly made is more sour than the original sample. It may be due to the long incubation hours, as we had kept it over 48 hours. The bacteria ingest a higher % of milk sugar and release more lacti c acid. To stop the incubation we can place the yoghurt in a refrigerator.

Recombinant dna technology Essay

Recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid technology refers to the ability to isolate item desoxyribonucleic acid sequences and alter or manipulate them to assume desired personal effects. More ofttimes, recombinant desoxyribonucleic acid technology is referred to as biotech. Recombinant desoxyribonucleic acid technology is fascinating in that it has demonstrable into a multi-billion dollar industry, and completely revolutionized agriculture and pharmaceutic industries, all within the past 50 years. concord to one account, biotechnology was born during a see in Hawaii in 1972 between Stanford medical examination professor Stanley Cohen, and biochemist Herbert Boyer from the University of California (Russo, 2003).The men were attending a conference on plasmids, and discussed the ability to introduce plasmid desoxyribonucleic acid into the b inciteerium E Coli that would allow researchers to genuinely clone the plasmids in the bacteria. Boyer and Cohen eventually chose variant paths , both(prenominal) affected by the emergence concerns about the sanctuary of recombinant deoxyribonucleic acid technology, but this meeting is marked as the beginning of the biotechnology revolution. Cohen stayed in academia and defended recombinant DNA technology in US congressional hearings. During the comparable time, in 1976 Herbert Boyer partnered with venture capitalist and MIT graduate Robert Swanson to desex up and develop the innovations first biotechnology company, Genentech (Russo, 2003).Since its accounting entry in the 1970s the biotechnology industry has exploded, revolutionizing cognition and agricultural as well as pharmaceutical production. In 2011, Ernst &Young stated in the US alone there were 1,870 public and private biotechnology companies, their revenues worth over 60 billion US dollars (www.ey.com, 2012). To better understand how biotechnology has impacted the field we live in, it is good to defecate a capacious understanding of the underlying prin ciples of recombinant DNA technology. Firstly, two types of DNA argon isolated.The first is bacterial plasmids that will act as the gene carriers and the second is DNA from other organism with a gene of interest (Campbell inseparable biology, 1967). The plasmid is cut in one place, and the DNA is cut in the atomic number 18a of interest for a specific gene. Restriction enzymes cut double-stranded DNA molecules at highly specific locations, called restriction sites, into fragments that basis be manipulated (Harrison, Sampson, 1992).The specificity of the different enzymes depends on the undercoat sequence of the DNA. close to enzymes cut both strands at the same station to produce blunt ends, others cut strands at different points producing staggered ends sticky ends (Harrison, Sampson, 1992). The DNA fragments are then interracial with the cut plasmids, joining together at their base pairs, or sticky ends (G with C and T with A in a sequence). The union is made perpetual by a pasting enzyme called DNA ligase, thus creating recombinant DNA. (Campbell inwrought biology, 1967). The bacterium containing the recombinant plasmid is then mass-produced creating clones of the recombinant DNA to be grown in large quantities.The conquest of biotechnology companies reflects the high demand and numerous applications of recombinant DNA technology. Animal farming and breeding has been altered, giving animals to a greater extent meat, as well as giving oxen growth hormones to produce to a greater extent milk (Donnelley & McCarthy, 1994). bioengineering is responsible for the synthesis of useful proteins to create vaccines and drugs that engagement acute or chronic diseases and illnesses. Due to recombinant DNA technology, insulin is readily available to diabetics. Alternatively, genetically change organisms (GMOs) run through been responsible for advancements in agri-business. In agriculture, biotechnology has allowed for genetically modified crops to produce more yield, and thus more revenue for farmers, by creating pest-resistant, weather- resistant crops (Federici, 2010). Genetically modified food products can be given a longer shelf flavour through fastener the genetics of an organism.To farmers, and a mankind with a growing population, genetically modified crops are looking more and more attractive. Weather resistant GMOs that can grow in otherwise detrimental climates pay even been suggested as a solution to world hunger. There is concern about the safety and ethics of genetically modified and engineered organisms. In many European countries, GM foods are clearly labeled, in the US and Canada, there is no mandatory labeling laws for genetically engineered foods or products (Federici, 2010). Scientific data has indicated in some muckle that animals fed by GM crops have been harmed or died. In some instances animals exposed to GM crops essential abnormally and displayed detrimental reproductive issues (Maghari & Ardekani, 20 11). Increasing preponderance of food allergies has as well as lead to blaming untested genetically modified crops as the source of the allergies (Maghari & Ardekani, 2011). Environmentalists are also enraged at the introduction of genetically modified organisms.GM seeds, once planted, and harvested, yield seeds of their own and often mix with wild, organic seeds, thus producing offspring that are hybrids of the genetically modified organism. Loss of biodiversity due to the GM resistant strains overtaking natural plant breeds in nature is a serious concern for environmentalists and biologists (Burke, 2012). They ask that the effects of GMOs have not been researched or experimented long enough to determine if there are any long-term side effects to man (Maghari & Ardekani, 2011). Although the biological advancements in medicine and science have greatly improved the quality of life of humans, the effects of genetically modified foods and GM animals is concerning.By providing vaccin es otherwise unavailable to humans through biotechnology, many mass experience longer then expected life spans. Usefulness of recombinant DNA technology in the worlds healthcare system can not be denied. However, the dependence on GM food in sustaining the worlds population should be examined more in depth. Has enough research been conducted on the effects of GMOs on humans, animals, biodiversity, and the environment? I would disagree that competent data exists to be exploiting the science of biotechnology as vastly as humans have.BibliographyBurke, D. C. (2012). Theres a long, long trail a-winding The complexities of GM foods regulation, a cautionary tale from the UK. GM Crops & Food, 3(1), 30-39. doi10.4161/gmcr.18041Donnelley, S., & McCarthy, C. R. (1994). The live new world of animal biotechnology. Hastings cracker Report, 24(1), S1.Ernst &Young. (2012). Global Biotechnology Report. Ernst & Young website.Federici, V. (2010). GENETICALLY limited FOOD AND INFORMED CONSUMER CH OICE COMPARING U.S. AND E.U. LABELING LAWS. Brooklyn journal Of International Law, 35(2), 515-561.Harrison, J., & Sampson, J. (1992). Enhancing understanding of recombinant DNA technology. journal Of biologic Education (Society Of Biology), 26(4),300.Maghari, B., & Ardekani, A. M. (2011). Genetically Modified Foods and Social Concerns. ibn-Sina Journal Of Medical Biotechnology, 3(3), 109-117.Russo, E. (2003). Special Report The fork out of biotechnology. Nature, 421(6921), 456.Simon, J., Dickey, J., Reece, J. (1967). Campbell essential biology with physiology. (4th ed.). London Dorling Kindersley Limited.Quaye, W. W., Yawson, R. M., Ayeh, E. S., & Yawson, I. I. (2012). CLIMATE swap AND FOOD SECURITY THE ROLE OF BIOTECHNOLOGY. African Journal Of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition & Development, 12(5), 6354-6364